What does rules-based world order mean? Why German chancellor’s statement triggered debate | World News

New Delhi: German Chancellor Friedrich Merz caused controversy when he said at the 2026 Munich Security Conference that the rules-based world order was over and replaced by competition between great powers. He further said that the international system established after World War II, which prioritized diplomacy and international law to maintain peace and cooperation, no longer functions as intended.

The system was designed to prevent conflicts through agreed-upon rules rather than military force. Over time, it incorporated institutions such as the United Nations (UN), World Trade Organization (WTO) and International Monetary Fund (IMF), as well as agreements on issues such as trade, finance and security.

He emphasized that the principles of a rules-based world order, including respect for democratic values, human rights, open markets, economic cooperation, multilateralism and collective action to address global challenges, face increasing pressure as global power dynamics change. The aim of the system has been to manage international disputes through established channels, reduce uncertainty, reduce the risk of conflict and promote global cooperation.

Supporters say the system has prevented large-scale wars, facilitated decades of economic growth and strengthened international cooperation despite being dominated by Western powers. Critics, particularly from Russia, China and some developing countries, argue that the system shows Western bias, limits the representation of rising powers and struggles to stay relevant in a multipolar world. They cite institutions such as the UN Security Council (UNSC), where permanent membership is limited to five countries, as evidence of an obsolete structure.

China’s new initiatives, such as the Belt and Road Initiative, present alternative approaches to international governance by challenging the existing rules-based framework.

Analysts say the future of the system depends on its ability to adapt to modern challenges, become more inclusive and better reflect the interests of all nations. The changing global balance of power as emerging and regional actors assert themselves is testing the durability of the rules-based order.

Political observers say the world is at a turning point. Whether the system can be reformed to preserve peace, prosperity and justice, or whether it will be replaced by a new global order, is a defining question for international relations in the 21st century. The coming years will reveal whether this system can preserve its founding principles while adapting to the realities of a changing world.